Palestinian leadership : ​ค้นหาหนังสือธรรมะ

… make such a solution work have disintegrated on the Palestinian side. And if the capability of the Palestinian leadership is questionable, so is the political will of Israel and the United States. Washington has never und…

…-state solution in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is increasingly in question due to the weakened Palestinian leadership and diminishing trust between Palestinians and Israelis. Events over the past decades have created …

… behalf of its national community—and this will require reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas. The Palestinian leadership must also be convinced—and be able to convince other Palestinians—of the political and economic ben…

…on, which aims to protect Israel's existence and Palestinian rights. Achieving this requires strong Palestinian leadership reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas, and credible commitments from both sides. While the benefit…

…active diplomatic options, but the building blocks of any diplomatic effort have disintegrated. The Palestinian leadership is split. There are two rival governments, one of which rejects political negotiations with Israel.…

The text discusses the complications surrounding the Palestinian legislative elections and the subsequent U.S. effort to undermine the democratic outcome, particularly emphasizing the Bush administrat

But the Bush administration showed little interest in the peace process. Instead, it pursued a set of policies that either downgraded Israeli–Palestinian peacemaking or subordinated it to demands for

The Bush administration exhibited a lack of interest in the peace process and instead directed policies that undermined Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, proposing a sequence of reform before peace th

… But such efforts cannot supplant the longer-term and more difficult task of resuscitating a viable Palestinian leadership. That task will require that the United States convert from a policy based on severe sanctions agai…

The text discusses the challenges of integrating Hamas while managing its actions against Israel. It stresses the importance of regional pressures and U.S. support for a unified Palestinian government

be recognized, but nobody should expect them to move beyond reactive diplomacy any time soon. Paradoxically, the Bush administration decided to refocus on the peace process just as conditions had beco

…umption held by the administration that a two-state solution is viable despite the divisions within Palestinian leadership and territorial complexities. Additionally, it highlights the urgency of nuclear proliferation issu…

Although Iran is a center around which Shi’i resentment could coalesce, two factors reduce the likelihood that the Tehran regime will encourage such a development. One is that Iran aspires to be the c

The complexities of Iran's relationship with Sunni states underscore the ongoing challenges in Middle Eastern diplomacy. Iran seeks to be a leader in the region, supporting not only Shiite factions bu

port they enjoyed, gave names to the rival groupings: the March14 anti-Syrian forces and the March 8 pro-Syrian forces. The March 14 demonstrations, which in the U.S. narrative became the Cedar Revolu

This text discusses the political dynamics in Lebanon following the Cedar Revolution, highlighting the division between the anti-Syrian March 14 coalition and the pro-Syrian March 8 forces. It outline

A Changed Region After September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched an ambitious policy to forge a new Middle East, with intervention in Iraq as the driver of the transformation. "The establi

This analysis reflects on the changes in the Middle East following the events of September 11, 2001, highlighting the ambitious policies of the Bush administration aimed at establishing democracy and

but set aside its criticism when this was in its interest. It was never in agreement with the United States and sought other allies, but never became so antagonistic as to provoke a strong American re

The text explores the evolving relationship between Syria and the United States, highlighting key moments such as the leadership transition from Hafez al-Assad to Bashar al-Assad, the impact of the Ir

Contents Acknowledgments iv A Changed Region 1 The Realities of the New Middle East 4 The Iran–Iraq Cluster 4 The Syria–Lebanon Cluster 10 The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict 14 The Problem of Nuclear P

This text examines the transformed landscape of the Middle East, analyzing key conflicts in regions such as Iran-Iraq, Syria-Lebanon, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It addresses crucial issues

About the Authors MARINA OTTAWAY is a senior associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Program and director of the Carnegie Middle East Program. Her most recent book, Beyond the Façade: Political Re

This section highlights the contributions of key authors associated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Marina Ottaway, a senior associate, leads the Democracy and Rule of Law Program

policy in Iraq and of the Palestinian–Israeli peace process. The United States needs to recognize that terrorism is not the result of blind hatred of Western civilization, as the Bush administration i

This text argues that U.S. policies in the Middle East must shift to address underlying political issues to effectively curb terrorism and ensure oil flow. It outlines critical tasks for U.S. engageme

REALTIES OF THE NEW MIDDLE EAST 13 always been the possibility that Syria could be coaxed and pressured into adopting more pragmatic policies. Revived U.S. efforts to relaunch the Israeli-Palestinian

The text discusses the political realities of Lebanon following Syria's withdrawal and the influence of Hizbollah and other political factions. Despite Syrian troop withdrawal, control issues persist,

security was completely overshadowed by belligerent White House statements that U.S. policy toward Iran would remain unchanged, raising the specter of war. Although analysts agreed that the NIE’s conc

The U.S. faces significant challenges in the Middle East with three clusters of countries: Iran-Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The ongoing tensions with Iran, alongside U.S

There has been no successful democratic revolution in any Middle Eastern country. Instead, the democratic openings advocated and supported by the United States have either led to sectarian division or

This text discusses the lack of successful democratic revolutions in the Middle East, largely due to U.S. policies that have often led to sectarian division and the empowerment of Islamist groups. It

๖๑ ก็เริ่มกลับไปเรียนต่อปริญญาโทอีกครั้ง แต่หลักสูตร หลักสูตรมาเป็นล้านจะเปิดอบรมในประเทศไทย ก็ยังไม่ตรงใจนัก เผอิญได้ยินข่าวหลักสูตรการพูด เพราะเห็นตัวอย่างจากสิงคโปร์มีคนไปเปิดแล้ว ขึ้นมา ผมคิดว่าน่

บทเรียนจากการเรียนต่อปริญญาโทจนถึงการเป็นอาจารย์สอนการพูด รวมถึงการค้นคว้าและเปิดศูนย์อบรม 'Leadership Within' โดยการร่วมมือจากอดีตผู้บริหาร ฟิลลิปส์ ผ่านประสบการณ์ชีวิต ทำให้รู้ว่าความสำเร็จย่อมมีบุญ

the United States during 2007 has helped reduce violence, there has not been any corresponding political progress. Different Iraqi political figures and forces have competing and often changing vision

Post-2007, the United States achieved a reduction in violence in Iraq, yet significant political progress remains elusive. Iraqi political factions hold varying visions for the nation's future, with t

"choose your own future and win your freedom."2 To make matters worse, in September 2006 the U.S. Congress passed the Iran Freedom Support Act, which imposed mandatory sanctions on entities that suppl

The text discusses Iran's unwavering commitment to its nuclear program, spurred by various factors, including U.S. sanctions, the Iraq war, and surging oil prices. Despite hints of military action fro

"For even as the mighty earth, sire, which is the refuge of the people, broke the potter's head, even so when a king, who like the mighty earth is the refuge of the whole world, rises up and plays the

This narrative reflects on the nature of leadership and betrayal. A king who should be a refuge becomes a thief, prompting a discussion about justice. Another story illustrates the dangers of seeking